Amphetamine Wikipedia

If you take an extended-release amphetamine, wait at least eight hours before drinking alcohol. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions when taking amphetamines. Depending on what type and the dosage of the prescribed amphetamine, take extended-release capsules once daily and immediate-release tablets and oral solutions up to three times per day.

The studies reviewed here report on a variety of outcomes defined, measured and analysed differently across most publications. The broad selection of outcomes and measures render it difficult to meta-analyse or otherwise collectively synthesise the study results as reported. Future endeavours to standardise outcome measures across clinical trials in addiction medicine would make it easier to interpret study results collectively and better translate research results to clinical practice. This limits the capacity to appropriately assess the risk versus benefit of the pharmacotherapies reviewed here. We elected to include studies in this review irrespective of safety reporting, to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of research.

Adverse effects

Amphetamines are also indirect neurotransmitters leading to increased cytosolic levels of monoamines. It is theorized the excess dopamine in the cytosol leads to drug craving and seeking and psychiatric symptoms. These two processes lead to both alpha and Amphetamine Addiction beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, causing sympathomimetic symptoms (hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, vasoconstriction, and diaphoresis). Amphetamines are metabolized via the cytochrome CYP2D6 pathway and renally and hepatically excreted.

Amphetamine is a central nervous (CNS) system stimulant that functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (to a lesser extent) in the synaptic cleft through a variety of mechanisms. Amphetamine enters the presynaptic axon terminal through diffusion or uptake by the monoamine transporters DAT, NET, and SERT. Amphetamine is FDA-approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It has indications as a first-line agent for ADHD in adults and children six years of age and older. Amphetamine is also a second-line agent for the treatment of narcolepsy. Lisdexamfetamine, a long-acting amphetamine medication, is FDA-approved for the treatment of a binge-eating disorder.

Before You Stop Taking Adderall

Even if you have no history of suicidal thoughts or depression, it is still a risk. Adderall has serious effects on your brain chemistry and it is difficult to predict how your moods will shift. Unlike other drugs with complicated withdrawal syndromes, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines, withdrawing from amphetamines is unlikely to trigger any serious medical problems. One recent study found that changes in brain chemistry during amphetamine withdrawal might make people more sensitive to stress.

People with eating disorders may use these drugs to try to lose weight. This new medical treatment strategy arrives at a time when addiction to methamphetamines has come roaring back, fueled by cheap imports from Mexico. Ray says the success rate of the naltrexone-buproprion combination may be improved as doctors refine the method and when supported with other treatments, including behavioral therapy. Patients received injections of extended-release naltrexone and oral doses of bupropion.

Types of Amphetamines

Currently, medical professionals do not recommend using amphetamines and their derivatives to help reduce obesity. Scientists carrying out a review of 20 studies concluded that stimulants are probably helpful for people with ADHD. Nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-methamphetamine.

A CT scan of the head will be required for altered mental status or patients with seizures to rule out any intracranial hemorrhages or stroke. Generally, patient demonstrating only mild symptoms will not require extensive lab work or imaging and often respond to sedation and improve promptly under close observation. Users of amphetamines are also twice as likely to need long-term treatment than users of other drugs (17% versus 8%). Some studies have suggested about 30% of patients with amphetamine-induced psychosis end up with a primary psychosis over time.

Associated Data

They are legal when they are prescribed by a doctor and used to treat health problems such as obesity, narcolepsy, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Amphetamines belong to a class of compounds called phenethylamines which induce catecholaminergic effects in the CNS and peripheral circulation. Recreational use of amphetamines has reached epidemic proportions in Asia, Australasia, and the United States. Most agree that psychosis following amphetamine use is characterized by persecutory delusions, visual hallucinations, and symptoms resembling acute psychosis most commonly observed in schizophrenia. This activity reviews amphetamine-related psychiatric disorders, including pathophysiology, presentation, and diagnosis, and highlights the interprofessional team’s role in the management of these patients. Many amphetamines are Schedule II stimulants, which means they have a high potential for abuse and are legally available only through a prescription.

• The review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
• No tests can determine drug misuse or addiction, but a medical professional can discuss a person’s substance use with them and assess possible risk factors that support the possibility.
• Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and bizarre and violent behaviour.
• A person should make sure that they take their prescription drugs as their doctor instructs and read any leaflet information to check for potential interactions with alcohol and other drugs.